جملات معلوم و مجهول

21 فروردين 1393

در این قسمت سعی بر آن است که با زبان ساده، در مورد جملات معلوم و مجهول صحبت کنم.

بحث معلوم و مجهول، بحث بسیار مهمی است و در آزمون ها از اهمیت وافری برخوردار است. سعی کنید در رایتینگ های خود حتما از جملات مجهول استفاده کنید.

جمله معلوم است جمله ای است که فاعل یا کننده کار در آن مشخص و ذکر شده باشد

She studies English

Mr. Williams bought a book

I have polished my shoes

 

جمله مجهول جمله ای است که فاعل یا کننده کار در آن – به هر دلیل – مشخص نبوده و ذکر نشده باشد

گاه کننده کار مشخص نیست و نمیدانیم چه کسی آن کار را انجام داده است

My watch is stolen.

He was killed yesterday.

 

گاه کننده کار را می شناسیم ولی ذکر نام وی چندان اهمیتی ندارد

The Pyramids were constructed four thousand years ago.

Eiffel Tower was built at the beginning of the twentieth century.

 

چگونگی تبدیل جمله معلوم به مجهول

برای تبدیل جمله معلوم به مجهول باید طبق مراحل زیر عمل کنیم

 مرحله نخست: مفعول جمله ی معلوم را تشخیص دهید و آن را ابتدای جمله مجهول بنویسید

مرحله دوم: با توجه به دو عامل (مفرد بودن یا جمع بودن مفعول) و (زمان جمله معلوم) یکی از مشتقات فعل be را بنویسید. مشتقات فعل be عبارتند ازam – is – are – was – were – be – being – been

مرحله سوم: قسمت سوم فعل جمله ی معلوم را بنویسید

با توجه به آنچه در مرحله نخست باید انجام داد به دو نتیجه میرسیم: اول آنکه فقط جملاتی را میتوان به مجهول تبدیل کرد که مفعول داشته باشند، و دوم آنکه اگر جمله ای دو مفعول داشت میتوان دو جمله مجهول از آن ساخت

شد. نیروگاه بزرگ شهید رجایی بهره برداری گردید. در توفان کاترینا دهها نفر کشته و مجروح شدند 

در اینجا چند نمونه از چگونگی تبدیل جملات معلوم به مجهول در قالب زمانهای گوناگون نشان داده میشود

زمان حال ساده

She studies English

English is studied

 

He writes his homework carefully

His homework is written carefully

 They watch TV every night

TV is watched every night

 

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان حال ساده از am – is – are  استفاده می شود

 

چند تمرین

John speaks English well.        English is spoken well

We write many letters.  Many letters are written

The students write many exercises every day. Many exercises are written everyday

John always opens the windows.  The windows are always opened

He smokes many cigarettes.  Many cigarettes are smoked

زمان گذشته ساده

Mr. Williams bought a book

A book was bought

 

He took some photos last night

Some photos were taken last night

 

They ate their lunches in the restaurant

Their lunches were eaten in the restaurant

 

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان گذشته ساده ازwas - were  استفاده می شود

 

چند تمرین

I read the newspaper yesterday.  The newspaper was read yesterday

We ate our lunches in the cafeteria. Our lunches were eaten in the cafeteria

I played tennis last Friday. Tennis was played last Friday

Helen worked on the project very hard. The project was worked on very hard

She did her exercises. Her exercises were done

زمان حال استمراری

She is studying English now

English is being studied now

 

He is writing his homework carefully now

His homework is being written carefully now

 

They are watching TV now

TV is being watched now

 

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان حال استمراری از am – is – are   بهمراه  beingاستفاده می شود

 

چند تمرین

John is speaking English well.  English is being spoken well.

We are writing many letters.   Many letters are being written

The students are writing many exercises. Many exercises are being written

John is opening the windows.  The windows are being opened

He is smoking many cigarettes.  Many cigarettes are being smoked

زمان گذشته استمراری

Mr. Williams was buying a book

A book was being bought

 

He was taking some photos last night

Some photos were being taken last night

 

They were eating their lunches in the restaurant

Their lunches were being eaten in the restaurant  

 

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان گذشته استمراری ازwas - were  بهمراه being استفاده می شود

 

چند تمرین

I was reading the newspaper yesterday.  The newspaper was being read yesterday We were eating our lunches in the cafeteria. Our lunches were being eaten in the cafeteria

I was playing tennis last Friday. Tennis was being played last Friday

Helen was working on the project very hard. The project was being worked on very hard

She was doing her exercises. Her exercises were being done

 

زمان حال کامل یا ماضی نقلی

I have polished my shoes

My shoes have been polished

 

He has finished the project

The project has been finished

 

BP has worked on oil leak problem for two months

Oil leak problem has been worked on for two months 

 

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان حال کامل، پس از have و has،  از been استفاده می شود

چند تمرین

He has spoken to me. I have been spoken

They have finished their dinners. Their dinners have been finished

I have heard her song. Her song has been heard

We have learned many new words. Many new words have been learned

I have lost my copybook. My copybook has been lost

 

زمان حال کامل استمراری (ماضی نقلی استمراری) جملات در قالب این زمان شکل مجهول ندارند

I have been polishing my shoes

He has been finishing the project

BP has been working on oil leak problem for two months

زمان گذشته کامل یا ماضی بعید

Ferdowsi had worked on Shahnameh for thirty years

Shahnameh had been worked on for thirty years

 

They had completed construction of two bridges two years ago

Construction of two bridges had been completed two years ago

 

Shakespeare had composed many sonnets

Many sonnets had been composed

 

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان گذشته کامل، پس از had،  از been استفاده می شود

چند تمرین

He had spoken to me. I had been spoken

They had finished their dinners. Their dinners had been finished

I had heard her song. Her song had been heard

We had learned many new words. Many new words had been learned

I had lost my copybook.  My copybook had been lost

زمان گذشته کامل استمراری (ماضی بعید استمراری) جملات در قالب این زمان شکل مجهول ندارند

Ferdowsi had been working on Shahnameh for thirty years

They had been completing construction of two bridges two years ago

Shakespeare had been composing many sonnets

زمان آینده ساده

I shall study my lessons tomorrow

My lessons will be studied tomorrow

 

She will visit Philippine and Indonesia next month

Philippine and Indonesia will be visited next month

 

They will argue about the issue next week

The issue will be argued next week

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان آینده ساده، پس از will یا shall،  از be استفاده می شود

چند تمرین

He will study his lessons tomorrow. His lesson will be studied tomorrow

You will speak English. English will be spoken

He will bring his friend to the class. His friend will be brought to the class

She will play the violin in the concert. The violin will be played in the concert

He will write a letter to his brother. A letter will be written to his brother

 

زمان آینده ساده  استمراری جملات در قالب این زمان شکل مجهول ندارند

I shall be studying my lessons tomorrow this time

She will be visiting  Philippine and Indonesia next month this time

They will be arguing about the issue next week this time

زمان آینده کامل

I shall have studied my lessons by July

My lessons will have been studied by July

 

She will have visited Philippine and Indonesia by next month

Philippine and Indonesia will have been visited by next month

 

They will have argued about the issue by next week

The issue will have been argued by next week

 

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملات زمان آینده کامل، پس از have will یا shall have،  از been استفاده می شود

چند تمرین

He will have studied his lessons by tomorrow. His lesson will have been studied by tomorrow

You will have spoken English by June. English will have been spoken by June

He will have brought his friend to the class. His friend will have been brought to the class

She will have played the violin in the concert. The violin will have been played in the concert

He will have written a letter to his brother. A letter will have been written to his brother

جملاتی که فعل کمکی دارند

  will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, have to, has to, had to

 

He can lift heavy loads easily

Heavy loads can be lifted easily

 

We must obey the rules and laws

The rules and laws must be obeyed

 

The baby may damage the computer

The computer may be damaged

 

They have to attend the conference

The conference has to be attended  

توجه: در شکل مجهول جملاتی که فعل کمکی دارند، پس از نوشتن فعل کمکی،  از be استفاده می شود

چند تمرین

He can study his lessons in the class. His lessons can be studied in the class

She may work on this project. This project may be worked on

I shall bring a gift for you. A gift shall be brought for you

He might quit smoking. Smoking might be quit

We will watch the film. The film will be watched

 

 

 

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